[2], Mitigation of the effects of expansive clay on structures built in areas with expansive clays is a major challenge in geotechnical engineering. Soil Mech. Damage to the upper floors of the building can occur when motion in the structure is significant. Determination of Unconfined compressive strength (first revision), Kumar A, Walia BS, Abjaj A (2007) Influence of fly ash, lime, and polyester fibres on compaction and strength properties of expansive soil. According to . Over 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. The molecules of water are polar, and are attracted to the surface of the clay particles. Table 2 gives a first classification showing the difference between expansive and non-expansive soils. This method of characterization is in accordance with Chen (1988) who stated the swell potential is low when the swell pressure is lower than 50kPa. Illite is also a non-expansive clay that is often used in ceramics. Ann. In many cases the homeowner noticed the problem, didnt realize its severity, didnt realize that it was progressing, and the problem progressed to a point where repair didnt make economic sense. Asphalt and concrete roads, pads or driveways will crack and shift with expansion and contraction. Some areas mitigate foundation cracking by watering around the foundation with a soaker hose during dry conditions. Waals attraction on a water film that is mainly applicable for non-expansive soils with SSA < 150 m2=g. Expansions of ten percent or more are not uncommon. This could be risky for users. is that extensive is in the nature of an extent, wide, widespread while expansive is able to be expanded. Soc. Int J Earth Sci Eng 4(6):4245, Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover JF (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of limetreated expansive clayey soil. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. According to the BETand Newman methods, the SSA can Expansive soils are present, at least in some degree, in all 50 states. FIGURE 2. (A) Swelling evolution of an expansive clay (Case 1) under different loads. ISBN-10: 0132496348. It was observed that UCS of Lime treatment is approximately 3 times higher than that of RHA treatment. Expansive soils are soils that experience significant volume change associated with changes in water contents. Therefore, the suggested method of classification is applicable both for expansive and non-expansive soils. One important difference between king and emperor lies in the rules governing succession to the title. This is more thantwicethe damage from floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakescombined. Inexpensive adjective. Three (03) main factors control the triggering of swelling phenomenon and related damages on structures (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981): the presence of montmorillonite, with natural water content close to the soils plastic limit, and a water source near a potential expansive soil. *Note Expansive soils are known to expand to 10% or more (and this is not uncommon). Furthermore, soil replacement, use of strong enough structures and structure isolation from the swelling clay are among the three most commonly used techniques (Kalantari, 2012). Gueddouda, M. K., Goual, I., Lamara, M., and Goual, S. (2013). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IIT Kharagpur. As ions are retained by clay particles in expansive soils (Figure 2B), there is a movement of water from low ionic concentration areas to high ionic concentration areas inside the clay. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Mahamedi, A., and Khemissa, M. (2013). In some societies, the title of king may be limited to hereditary succession, while in others, non-hereditary appointment is permitted. (A). The Colloidal Activity of Clays, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Switzerland, 5761. | Careers |Privacy policy | Terms and Conditions | Contact Us | Sitemap. FIGURE 14. Expansive Soils and Practice in Foundation Engineering, in Louisiana Transportation Conference, Baton Rouge. The significant color differences between dry and wet soils are the basis of an image-based SWC prediction technique. J. Appl. The second factor overcoming the swelling behaviour is the migration of cations. Geology.com. This remains an expansive field of urology whereby there is still more research to be done. An Evaluation of Expedient of Methodology for Identification of Potentially Expansive Soils, in Soils and Pavements Lab, US Army Eng. (2012). Then, the swelling stabilized during 02h 30min. Khartoum, Sudan: No. To take full and optimal advantage of the ideal Smart Cities, improvements are required to mitigate or adapt to this type of soil. First, the article suggests a new approach for characterizing expansive soils from oedometer test results and, second, the mitigation of swelling phenomenon by using a granular material, as an interface tested in a laboratory, for reducing the swelling pressure on foundations. 2. Characteristic expansive or swelling materials are highly plastic clays and clay shales that often contain colloidal clay minerals such as the montmorillonites. Does Homeowners Insurance Cover Expansive Soil Damage? The soil swelling continued until 0.54mm upward displacement after 24h, subject to 11.85kPa vertical stress (Figure 15A). Fattah, M. Y., Salim, N. M., and Irshayyid, E. J. (B) Load distribution by adding a granular layer Sf < Si. 251404N, 1101048E), southern China, labeled as Soils 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. During the unloading phase, comparison between Figures 7A,B indicate that the increase in thickness of the expansive soil specimen is not only attributed to the release of vertical stress, the second fact is attributed to the swell induced by the infiltrated water within the soil specimen. Expansive soils are present throughout the world and are known in every US state. In case of non-expansive soil, it was 3.5 times higher in Lime than RHA treatment. expansive: [adjective] having a capacity or a tendency to expand. This paper addressed the study of the classification and mitigation of expansive soils. 304, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, 99138, Bell FG (1996) Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. - 45.55.186.116. In most areas, where soils are produced "in situ," this method of assignment was reasonable. More regional mapping along with site specific testing is needed to identify potential problem areas. Beyond optimum content the strength was found to decrease for all cases. To date, many countries have not yet made financial assessments of the losses related to expansive soil problems. 4th Indian reprint, Pearson Education, Delhi, Fang HY (1991) Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Company, Ola SA (1975) Stabilization of Nigeria lateritic soils with cement, bitumen and lime. D-366. Unexpensive adjective. The result of expansive soils could be settling, cracked, sloped or deflected foundations, displaced bricks, cracked asphalt or concrete roads, driveways and sidewalks or cracks in floors, walls or ceilings. The following table gives the swelling potential of soil as low, medium, high and very high from which we can identify the soil as swelling type or not. Expansive soils have the ability to drastically swell based on the amount of expansive minerals and moisture that is present in the soil. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Turns out, dirt has a heckuva lot of sobriquets. IOP Conf. Damage Mechanism of Expansive Soils. in Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE10, Tunisia, 125131. Eng. It is not meant to be used as a property evaluation tool. Particle size analysis is an important early assessment in the soil classification process. Tunis, Tunisia: National Engineering School of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar. These fissures can facilitate the deep penetration of water when moist conditions or runoff occurs. This stress/pressure results in signs and symptoms that can be traced directly back to foundation issues instigated by expansive soil. (B) Case 2 specimen. FIGURE 4. Read the following articles to get a better understanding of the signs and symptoms: If you think that you might have expansive soils and are concerned it might be impacting your home, health, or peace of mind, click on our link below for a FREE foundation inspection if you live in Central AZ or Southern California , Your email address will not be published. First, identify if the soil on your . This article first introduces a new method of characterization of expansive clays after oedometer test results performed on intact saturated clay specimens. - 51.255.122.1. From collected data, Figure 5 plots the variation of the swell pressure vs Cc/Cs ratio. Wang, J. X. Building Response to ExcavationInduced Settlement. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. 121, 641663. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(6):707714, Yadu L, Tripathi RK, Singh D (2011) Comparison of fly ash and rice husk ash stabilized black cotton soil. Cracks are a telling sign that expansive soils are present. Cracked foundations, floors, and basement walls are typical types of damage done by swelling soils. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. Inexpensive. Check out our exhaustiveUltimate Guide To Foundation Repair. The two cases do not have the same swelling rate or the same behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0). Mitigation of the swelling phenomena can be attained by using a granular layer separation between the foundation and the swelling clay. This is because their damage is done slowly and cannot be attributed to a specific event. Water Way Exp. Expansive soils map: The map above is based upon "Swelling Clays Map of the Conterminous United States" by W. Olive, A. Chleborad, C. Frahme, J. Shlocker, R. Schneider and R. Schuster. It also includes soils that have a clay mineral composition which can potentially cause damage. This change in volume can exert enough force and enough pressure on a home or other structure to cause serious cosmetic and structural damage. There is, then, a brief bibliographic review of the damage occasioned by expansive soils, with proposed methods for their classification and methods of mitigation of the swelling phenomena. Expansive soils can shrink so much after swelling that deep, wide cracks are able to develop after drying and contracting. These include: smectite, bentonite, montmorillonite, Unexpensive adjective. (B). Several researchers have found ways to classify expansive soils by indirect methods: Atterberg limits tests (Holtz and Gibbs, 1956; IS:1498, 1970; Chen, 1975), activity method (Skempton, 1953; Seed et al., 1962; Sridharan and Prakash, 2016) and the clay fraction method (Holtz and Gibbs, 1956; Chen, 1965; Holtz et al., 2011). In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. MATEC Web of Conferences 11, 03004. doi:10.1051/matecconf/20141103004, Medjnoun, A., and Bahar, R. (2016). doi:10.1080/19648189.2017.1320236. J Construct Build Mater 19(2005):448453, Brooks RM (2009) Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. The validation of the suggested method of classification needs, first, the collection of a big number of oedometer data, for expansive and non-expansive soils from different case histories. Experimental Study on the Swelling Behavior of Expansive Soil Reinforced with Coir Geotextile, in Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6564_11. Some expansive minerals present in soils can expand as much as 30 percent! Cc:Compression index; Cs: Swelling index; : unit mass; : stress; f: final applied stress level; s: swelling pressure; :deformation; l: thickness of the expansive clay; l: upward swelling displacement; HG: thickness of granular material layer; HS: thickness of expansive clay layer; D: dimension; ENIT: National Engineering School of Tunis; UTM: University of Tunis El Manar. Learn more. Performing an oedometer test, those two indices can be determined for any saturated soil either expansive or non-expansive. Influence of Soil Suction on Swelling Pressure of Bentonite-Sand Mixtures. University of Khartoum. Unreinforced concrete wall subjected to active pressures induced by expansive clays. doi:10.1061/taceat.0007325. Symp. These low rise buildings also typically have shallow foundations which are more susceptible to soil movements than deep foundations found on taller structures. Destruction of hydraulic structures such as buried pipelines, drains, sewage systems and irrigation systems are very dangerous and can be fatal in certain conditions. Expansive soils are comprised primarily of minerals (incredibly fine particles) with little to no organic material and are thus incredibly viscous, proving difficult to drain. When the soil contains very little expansive minerals, it has little expansive potential. How To Identify Expansive Soils. 8:836277. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2022.836277. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Infrastruct. The properties for the two types of soils have been given in Table 1. The cost of repairing these damages is quite high (Osman and Charlie, 1983; Nuhfer, 1994; Azam et al., 2013). Expansive soils are present throughout the world and are known in every US state. *Note - Expansive soils are known to expand to 10% or more (and this is not uncommon). As a noun cheap is trade; traffic; chaffer; chaffering. Effect of fly ash on strength and swelling aspect of an expansive soil., https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expansive_clay&oldid=1100442329, This page was last edited on 25 July 2022, at 23:32. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, 590. That way, they can be properly treated to produce a structurally stable base for construction operations to build upon. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Transportation. Expansive soils can cause considerable damage to civil engineering structures and foundations. Al-Busoda, B. S., Abid Awn, S. H., and Obaid, H. (2017). 2, which main difference to Fig. After observed results, the specimen swelling is noticed (Figures 14A,B). Here at Dalinghaus Construction Inc., we talk a lot aboutfoundation settlementandfoundation heave. While many types of clays expand when they come in contact with water, not all do. Countless buildings in many cities across the globe, both large and small, are built on expansive soils. Throughout the ratio Cc/Cs value, one can perceive if the tested soil is expansive or non-expansive, without the need for the measurement of the swell pressure in the free swell phase. Non-expansive clays do exist, however. When they absorb water, they increase in volume. 2A assumes The plumb-bob reveals 9 inches of inward displacement. In turn, when Cc/Cs ratio is lower than 8 one can identify expansive soils for which the swell pressure is in the range of 75400kPa. Bulletin No. J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. The American Society of Civil Engineers has estimated that as high as one in four houses in the United States has some form of damage caused by expansive soils. This water movement generates pressure and, consequently, induces the swelling of the clay (Sahin, 2011). (1995). BM: principal investigator; S.A. Manigniavy: PhD fellow D. Azaiez: Ph D fellow Y. Bouassida: co supervisor of PhD fellow. According to the classification by Chen (1975), the physical parameters of this sample, given in Table 4, indicate that it has a medium swell potential. Oedometer parameters of clayey specimens. The unique load on the sample is the mass of the porous stone which is converted to a pressure of 0.25kPa. (A) An expansive clay sample. The temperature in the distilled water in the lab was 24C. Tiwari, N., Saytam, N., and Patva, J. Proc. FIGURE 13. Caractrisation et estimation du gonflement des argiles algriennes, cas des argiles de Mda. Clay particles are plate-shaped, having a negative charge on their surface in presence of the interstitial water solution and water molecules. Expansive soils behave differently from other normal soils due to their tendency to swell and shrink. He joined the team in early 2017 as a foundation inspector, but quickly transitioned towards a marketing role. Boscardin, M. D., and Cording, E. J. Audi S Line Logo Volante Interno Adesivo Emblema Autoadesivo NERO. Other key factors include initial water content, void ratio, plasticity index and density. (1989). Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The swelling and shrinkage behaviour of clay is a very dangerous phenomenon that leads to several kinds of damage and huge repair costs. Int J Eng Res Technol 2(11):37223727. Expansive soils swell when exposed to large amounts of water and shrink when the water evaporates. (A) Swelling pressure applied to a foundation in contact with an expansive clay layer. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(6):707714, Yadu L, Tripathi RK, Singh D (2011) Comparison of fly ash and rice husk ash stabilized black cotton soil. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to effects on prostate volume and residual . The chemical composition of its inner layers prevents water from entering its structure. The American Society of Civil Engineers estimates that 1/4 of all homes in the United States have some damage caused by expansive soils. doi:10.1007/s41062-016-0043-6, Mostafiz, R. B., Friedland, C. J., Rohli, R. V., Bushra, N., and Held, C. L. (2021). de lquipement N26, 5366. Case 1: For the first hour and a half, it is clear that case ones curve, shown in Figure 14A, keeps the swelling at a medium rate, approximately 38.4nm/s. Another very common sign of expansive soil heave is cracking and lifting of the floor slab of a two-car garage. expansive soil layers. Previous methods of classification of expansive soils have focused on the use of plasticity parameters and the free-swell test result. (B) Oedometer curve of a Tunis El Manar Universitys expansive soil (SC1-EI14 sample) with Cc/Cs = 4.2. It indicates the capacity of the soil. expansive definition: 1. very happy to talk to people in a friendly way: 2. covering a large area: 3. very happy to. 7, 754761. doi:10.3389/fbuil.2021.754761. Herrin M, Mitchell H (1961) Lime-soil mixtures. It is both common and growing in incidence. Accessed March 19, 2015. It was observed that UCS of Lime treatment is approximately 3 times higher than that of RHA treatment. Amlioration des proprits physico-mcaniques des argiles gonflantes stabilises par ajout de sable de dune, in 3me Confrence Maghrbine en Ingnierie Gotechnique CMIG13, Alger, 221226. 1 is that the upper layer is assumed swelling, as opposed to settling. It has received 3 citation(s) till now. FIGURE 7. Cas pathologiques de deux btiments lENIT. Technol. Bouassida, M., Ben Ouezdou, M., and Trabelsi, H. (2006). All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. Cracks in walls and ceilings will also be consistent with differential heave. The volume increases (Figure 2A), then followed by the swelling of the clay. J Eng Geol 42(1996):223237, CrossRef Have you ever wondered why the Leaning Tower of Pisa leans? Meanwhile, there is a high probability of cracks appearance in the soil. The oedometer cell is filled with water to ensure the soil saturation and continuous circulation of the water. Then, which methods are suitable for measuring the swelling pressure. This is because the contact between the granular material particles can be a point, line or surface. A threshold value of the ratio C c /C s was identified to distinguish between expansive clay specimens and non-expansive clay specimens. J Eng Geol 30:141149, Saeed KA, Kassim KA, Yunus NZ, Nur H (2013) Characterization of hydrated lime-stabilized brown kaolin clay. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801898-9.00005-9. As a verb cheap is to trade; traffic; bargain; chaffer; ask the price of goods; cheapen goods. This is due to the weakness of layer liaisons. While cut and fill operations are very expensive, there are other solutions that have been developed and tested over time to treat expansive soils. Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India, Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India, You can also search for this author in Following damages may be . Aniculaesi, M., and Lungu, I. 2.2 Testing Procedure. When treating soils with a lime-based reagent, the potential of the shrink / swell cycle is reduced, extending the life span of your pavement or building structure. Geology for Engineers and Environmental Scientists. The development of autonomous mobile robots is increasingly attracting the attention of large groups of researchers. The study focusses on comparative analysis of mechanical properties of Bentonite (expansive soil) and Kaolinite (non-expansive soil) treated with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). The situation where greatest damage occurs is when there are significant and repeated Annual damages associated with expansive soils regularly cost property owners more than tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes combined! U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. Inael 1 (1), 2933. Int J Eng Res Technol 2(11):37223727. Disturbed clay sample, S1 sample. This change in volume can exert enough force on a building or other structure to cause damage. Whilst when the Cc/Cs<10, one should consider calculating the swelling pressure. Springer, Singapore. Plaisted, M. D., and Zornberg, J. G. (2011). Generally, the more clay content, the greater the potential for expansion. The latter affects the distribution of internal stresses between the soil particles (Kehew, 1995). Chen, F. H. (1975). doi:10.1061/jsfeaq.0000431. Kehew, E. A. It was published in 1989 as Map I-1940 in the USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series. This change in volume is not stable, resulting in pressure that can be detrimental to construction projects. Building damage: Note displaced bricks and inward deflection of foundation. Beyond optimum content the strength was found to decrease for all cases. (1994). It is useful for learning areas where expansive soils underlie a significant The swelling phenomenon of soil occurs progressively and depends on the soil saturation and its clay structure (Medjnoun et al., 2014). See our article: Homeowners Insurance and Geologic Hazards. Most homeowners insurance policies do not cover damage caused by expansive soils. When cations migrate, the interlayer is shifted because of the weak liaisons between the clay particles (Figure 2B). Expansive soils typically clays are a problematic soil category, which often poses serious pathology, especially when lightweight constructions are built on it. Oedometer cell with displacement sensor. The oedometer cell is filled to ensure saturation and to compensate for the amount of absorbed water. Humping of a slab which has been caused by expansive soil is often accompanied by multiple cracks which may radiate from the center of the hump. Waterproof barriers, proper surface grading and other water flow controls such as rain gutters and French drains can be used to control water penetration. This article focuses on how the swelling phenomenon is triggered in expansive clays. Over 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of high swelling potential. Then, in colder areas of the great USA, frost can expand water by a whopping 9%! Chemical Treatment of Expansive Soil by Different saline Solutions, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 341349. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0). The novelty of the present study relies on adopting a different analysis, as compared to existing methods, based on oedometer data, especially the compression and swelling indices. Figure 4 illustrates the occurrence of soil cracking in an expansive clay. By referring to Sridharan and Prakash (2016), this specimen has low activity and a low probability to swell. Homeowners Insurance and Geologic Hazards. X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope tests were carried out to study the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the soil. Fun Facts with Brian Each year in the United States alone, expansive soils cause$2.3 billiondollars in damages to houses, roads, pipelines, and other structures. Damages in retaining walls at the National Engineering School of Tunis (Manigniavy, 2021). Swelling Behavior of Soils, in Proceedings of the Golden Jubilee Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kochi, 229232. Eur. When using expansive soils as a part of your sub-base, for example under a road or building pad, it is imperative that you modify the soil in order to substantially reduce the shrink /swell potential, therefore giving your base a longer life span. Chemical treatment of expansive clays and improvement solutions, like using granular material, were proposed (Gueddouda et al., 2013; Fattah et al., 2017, etc.). Another example of a non-swelling clay mineral is chlorite. In the three last decades, the repair of several constructions was affected by extreme damage attributed to the swelling phenomena (Bouassida et al., 2006). Remediating Expansive (Shrink-Swell) Soils. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. FIGURE 1. Skempton, A. W. (1953). Hobart king, "Expansive Soil and Expansive Clay: The hidden force behind basement and foundation problems". Even though expansive soils cause enormous amounts of damage, most people have never heard of them. In case of Lime the reduction in strength may be due to formation of the silica gel or excess Lime content beyond the optimum content may act as a lubricating agent between two-soil particle and reducing the shear resistance. The map soil categories would not apply for these locations. The compacted sand layer acts as a shock absorber to reduce the swelling pressure effect of the soil. In case of non-expansive soil, it was 3.5 times higher in Lime than RHA treatment. Click to Enlarge. Found. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 55. The important factor which influences the expansive soil is swelling pressure. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. (2017). Cement and Lime Stabilization of Compacted Expansive Clay, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 369377. Expansive soil or clay is considered to be one of the more problematic soils and it causes damage to various civil engineering structures because of its swelling and shrinking potential when it comes into contact with water. The What's A Geologic Hazard, in Geotimes, 4. See more. J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. On the presumed expansive clays specimens, oedometer tests are preceded by the free swelling test from which the swelling pressure is measured. *Correspondence: Mounir Bouassida, mounir.bouassida@enit.utm.tn, Characterization of expansive soils and mitigation of swelling phenomena, View all The experiments have been conducted on the clayey soil samples were to determine physical and chemical properties. Snethen, D. R., Johnson, L. D., and Patrick, D. M. (1977). Expansive soils contain minerals, such assmectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. It is possible to build successfully and safely on expansive soils if stable moisture content can be maintained or if the building can be insulated from any soil volume change that might occur. Property Risk Assessment for Expansive Soils in Louisiana. Based on oedometer curves, when the Cc/Cs ratio exceeds 10, the soil is concluded to be either non-swelling or its swelling potential is negligible.
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